The correlated optical and radio variability of BL Lacertae. WEBT data analysis 1994-2005

TL;DR

This study analyzes 40 years of optical and radio data of BL Lacertae, revealing correlated variability with delays, confirming a ~8-year radio periodicity, and suggesting geometric effects influence the blazar's activity.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive long-term correlation analysis of optical and radio variability in BL Lacertae, confirming radio periodicity and delays, and proposing geometric effects as a key factor.

Findings

Optical and radio flux variations are correlated with a ~100-day delay.

Radio periodicity of approximately 8 years is confirmed, with lengthening cycles.

Long-term behavior suggests geometric effects influence variability.

Abstract

Since 1997, BL Lacertae has undergone a phase of high optical activity, with the occurrence of several prominent outbursts. Starting from 1999, the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) consortium has organized various multifrequency campaigns on this blazar, collecting tens of thousands of data points. One of the main issues in the study of this huge dataset has been the search for correlations between the optical and radio flux variations, and for possible periodicities in the light curves. The analysis of the data assembled during the first four campaigns (comprising also archival data to cover the period 1968-2003) revealed a fair optical-radio correlation in 1994-2003, with a delay of the hard radio events of ~100 days. Moreover, various statistical methods suggested the existence of a radio periodicity of ~8 years. In 2004 the WEBT started a new campaign to extend the dataset to the most recent observing seasons, in order to possibly confirm and better understand the previous results. In this campaign we have collected and assembled about 11000 new optical observations from twenty telescopes, plus near-IR and radio data at various frequencies. Here, we perform a correlation analysis on the long-term R-band and radio light curves. In general, we confirm the ~100-day delay of the hard radio events with respect to the optical ones, even if longer (~200-300 days) time lags are also found in particular periods. The radio quasi-periodicity is confirmed too, but the "period" seems to progressively lengthen from 7.4 to 9.3 years in the last three cycles. The optical and radio behaviour in the last forty years suggests a scenario where geometric effects play a major role. In particular, the alternation of enhanced and suppressed optical activity (accompanied by hard and soft radio events, respectively) can