Non-linear evolution of the diocotron instability in a pulsar electrosphere: 2D PIC simulations

TL;DR

This study uses 2D PIC simulations to analyze the non-linear evolution of diocotron instability in a pulsar electrosphere, revealing vortex formation, vacuum gap creation, and the impact of particle injection on plasma diffusion.

Contribution

It introduces a 2D electrostatic PIC simulation framework to explore long-term non-linear diocotron instability in pulsar electrospheres, including effects of particle injection.

Findings

Particles form high-density vortices rotating around the axis.

Vacuum gaps develop within the plasma column due to vortex dynamics.

Particle injection significantly enhances cross-field diffusion.

Abstract

(abridged) The physics of the pulsar magnetosphere near the neutron star surface remains poorly constrained by observations. Nevertheless it is believed that large vacuum gaps exist in the magnetosphere, and a non-neutral plasma partially fills the neutron star surroundings to form an electrosphere. The equatorial disk in this electrosphere is diocotron and magnetron unstable. To better assess the long term evolution of these instabilities, we study the behavior of the non-neutral plasma with help on particle simulations. We designed a 2D electrostatic PIC code. In the diocotron regime, the equation of motion for particles obeys the electric drift approximation. The plasma is confined between two conducting walls. Moreover, in order to simulate a pair cascade in the gaps, we add a source term feeding the plasma with charged particles. We consider the long term non-linear evolution of the diocotron instability. We found that particles tend to attract together to form small vortex of high charge density rotating around the axis of the cylinder with only little radial excursion of the particles. This grouping of particles generates new low density or even vacuum gaps in the plasma column. We show that particle injection into the plasma can drastically increase the diffusion of particles across the magnetic field lines. Also, the newly formed vacuum gaps cannot be replenished by simply invoking the diocotron instability.