On the continuum intensity distribution of the solar photosphere

TL;DR

This study compares high-resolution solar photosphere observations with simulations, revealing that accounting for instrumental effects uncovers higher intensity contrasts and better matches models, emphasizing the importance of image correction.

Contribution

It demonstrates that correcting for instrumental PSF effects significantly increases measured intensity contrast, aligning observations with advanced 3D simulations.

Findings

Corrected contrast values are higher than uncorrected measurements.

Intensity distributions reveal a secondary component after PSF removal.

Observations and simulations show good agreement in contrast and spectral features.

Abstract

We present a detailed comparison between simulations and seeing-free observations that takes into account the crucial influence of instrumental image degradation. We use images of quiet Sun granulation taken in the blue, green and red continuum bands of the Broadband Filter Imager of the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) onboard Hinode. The images are deconvolved with Point Spread Functions (PSF) that account for non-ideal contributions due to instrumental stray-light and imperfections. In addition, synthetic intensity images are degraded with the corresponding PSFs. ... Removing the influence of the PSF unveils much broader intensity distributions with a secondary component that is otherwise only visible as an asymmetry between the darker and brighter than average part of the distribution. The contrast values increase to (26.7 +/- 1.3) %, (19.4 +/- 1.4) %, and (16.6 +/- 0.7) % for blue, green, and red continuum, respectively. The power spectral density of the images exhibits a pronounced peak at spatial scales characteristic for the granulation pattern and a steep decrease towards smaller scales. The observational findings like the absolute values and centre-to-limb variation of the intensity contrast, intensity histograms, and power spectral density are well matched with corresponding synthetic observables from three-dimensional radiation (magneto-)hydrodynamic simulations. We conclude that the intensity contrast of the solar continuum intensity is higher than usually derived from ground-based observations and is well reproduced by modern radiation (magneto-)hydrodynamic models. Properly accounting for image degradation effects is of crucial importance for comparisons between observations and numerical models.