The Implications of Gunn-Peterson Troughs in the HeII Lyman-alpha Forest

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that HeII Ly-alpha and Ly-beta Gunn-Peterson troughs can provide robust, model-independent constraints on the HeII fraction in the universe, offering insights into the epoch of HeII reionization.

Contribution

It introduces a method to constrain the HeII fraction using Gunn-Peterson troughs that is less affected by saturation issues, improving previous bounds significantly.

Findings

HeII Ly-alpha troughs indicate >~ 10 Mpc regions with x_HeII > 0.03.

The method yields a factor of 20 improvement over previous constraints.

Constraints are 100 times stronger than those from high-redshift HI Lyman forest.

Abstract

Many experts believe that the z ~ 3 HeII Ly-alpha forest will suffer from the same saturation issues as the z ~ 6 HI Ly-alpha forest and, therefore, will not be a sensitive probe of HeII reionization. However, there are several factors that make HeII Ly-alpha absorption more sensitive than HI Ly-alpha. We show that observations of HeII Ly-alpha and Ly-beta Gunn-Peterson troughs can provide a relatively model-independent constraint on the volume-averaged HeII fraction of x_HeII >~ 0.1. This bound derives from first using the most underdense regions in the HeII forest to constrain the local HeII fraction and, then, assuming photoionization equilibrium with the maximum allowed photoionization rate to calculate the ionization state of nearby gas. It is possible to evade this constraint by a factor of ~2, but only if the HeII were reionized recently. We argue that HeII Ly-alpha Gunn-Peterson troughs observed in the spectra of Q0302-003 and HE2347-4342 signify the presence of >~ 10 comoving Mpc patches in which x_HeII > 0.03. This is a factor of 20 improvement over previous constraints from these spectra and 100 times stronger than the tightest constraint on the HI volume-filling fraction from the z>6 HI Lyman forest.