The 21 cm Forest as a Probe of the Reionization and the Temperature of the Intergalactic Medium

TL;DR

The paper investigates how 21cm forest observations can reveal the ionization and temperature history of the early universe's intergalactic medium during reionization, using simulations to identify key signals.

Contribution

It demonstrates that optical depth and equivalent width are effective probes of ionization and temperature, offering a way to break degeneracies in 21cm tomography.

Findings

Optical depth and EW effectively trace IGM ionization and temperature.

Number of observable features decreases with higher gas temperature.

EW statistic is a promising tool for studying reionization.

Abstract

Using high redshift radio sources as background, the 21cm forest observations probe the neutral hydrogen absorption signatures of early structures along the lines of sight. Directly sensitive to the spin temperature, it complements the 21cm tomography observations, and provides information on the temperature as well as the ionization state of the intergalactic medium (IGM). We use a radiative transfer simulation to investigate the 21cm forest signals during the epoch of reionization. We first confirmed that the optical depth and equivalent width (EW) are good representations of the ionization and thermal state of the IGM. The features selected by their relative optical depth are excellent tracers of ionization fields, while those selected by absolute optical depth are very sensitive to the IGM temperature, so the IGM temperature information could potentially be extracted, thus breaking a degeneracy in 21cm tomographic observation. From the distributions of EWs and the number evolution of absorbers and leakers with different EWs, we see clearly the cosmological evolution of ionization state of the IGM. The number density of potentially observable features decreases rapidly with increasing gas temperature. The sensitivity of the proposed EW statistic to the IGM temperature makes it a unique and potentially powerful probe of reionization. Missing small-scale structures, such as small filaments and minihalos that are unresolved in our current simulation, and lack of an accurate calculation of the IGM temperature, however, likely have rendered the presented signals quantitatively inaccurate. Finally we discuss the requirements of the background radio sources for such observations, and find that signals with equivalent widths larger than 1kHz are hopeful to be detected.(Abridged)