A k-NN Method to Classify Rare Astronomical Sources: Photometric Search of Brown Dwarfs with Spitzer/IRAC

TL;DR

This paper introduces a weighted k-NN statistical method for photometrically identifying rare astronomical objects like brown dwarfs, avoiding biases from traditional cut-based searches, and demonstrates its effectiveness on Spitzer survey data.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel k-NN based metric for unbiased photometric search of rare sources, optimized for efficiency and completeness, applied to brown dwarf detection.

Findings

Confirmed the absence of late-T dwarfs in the surveyed fields.

Detected a few L/early-T candidates undergoing follow-up.

Method shows high completeness and potential for future surveys.

Abstract

We present a statistical method for the photometric search of rare astronomical sources based on the weighted k-NN method. A metric is defined in a multi-dimensional color-magnitude space based only on the photometric properties of template sources and the photometric uncertainties of both templates and data, without the need to define ad-hoc color and magnitude cuts which could bias the search. The metric is defined as a function of two parameters, the number of neighbors k and a threshold distance D_th that can be optimized for maximum selection efficiency and completeness. We apply the method to the search of L and T dwarfs in the Spitzer Extragalactic First Look Survey and the Bootes field of the Spitzer Shallow Survey, as well as to the search of sub-stellar mass companions around nearby stars. With high level of completeness, we confirm the absence of late-T dwarfs detected in at least two bands in the First Look Survey, and only one in the Shallow Survey (previously discovered by Stern et al. 2007). This result is in agreement with the expected statistics for late-T dwarfs. One L/early-T candidate is found in the First Look Survey, and 3 in the Shallow Surveys, currently undergoing follow-up spectroscopic verification. Finally, we discuss the potential for brown dwarf searches with this method in the Spitzer warm mission Exploration Science programs.