Statistics of mass substructure from strong gravitational lensing: quantifying the mass fraction and mass function

TL;DR

This paper develops a Bayesian method to quantify the mass function slope and mass fraction of dark matter substructures in strong gravitational lensing, demonstrating how survey parameters influence the accuracy of these measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a novel Bayesian formalism for estimating substructure properties from lensing data, accounting for observational limits and priors, and explores its effectiveness with mock data.

Findings

Current surveys can constrain the substructure mass fraction to <=1.0%.

Lower detection thresholds significantly improve the recovery of the mass function slope.

Future surveys with more lenses will enable precise measurements of satellite populations.

Abstract

A Bayesian statistical formalism is developed to quantify the level at which the mass function slope (alpha) and the projected cumulative mass fraction (f) of (CDM) substructure in strong gravitational-lens galaxies, with arcs or Einstein rings, can be recovered as function of the lens-survey parameters and the detection threshold of the substructure mass. The method is applied to different sets of mock data to explore a range of observational limits: (i) the number of lens galaxies in the survey, (ii) the mass threshold, Mlow, for the detection of substructures and (iii) the uncertainty of the measured substructure masses. We explore two different priors on the mass function slope: a uniform prior and a Gaussian prior with alpha = 1.90+-0.1. With a substructure detection threshold Mlow=3x10^8 Msun, the number of lenses available now (n_l=30), a true dark-matter mass fraction in (CDM) substructure <=1.0% and a prior of alpha = 1.90+-0.1, we find that the upper limit of f can be constrained down to a level <=1.0% (95% CL). In the case of a Gaussian prior on alpha, it is always possible to set stringent constraints on both parameters. We also find that lowering the detection threshold has the largest impact on the ability to recover alpha, because of the (expected) steep mass-function slope. In the future, thanks to new surveys with telescopes, such as SKA, LSST and JDEM and follow-up telescopes with high-fidelity data, a significant increase in the number of known lenses will allow us to recover the satellite population in its completeness. For example, a sample of 200 lenses, equivalent in data-quality to the Sloan Lens ACS Survey and a detection threshold of 10^8 Msun, allows one to determine f=0.5+-0.1% (68% CL) and alpha=1.90+-0.2 (68% CL).