A model independent spin analysis of fundamental particles using azimuthal asymmetries

TL;DR

This paper introduces a model-independent method using azimuthal asymmetries to directly measure the spin of heavy unstable particles, providing an independent cross-check and addressing limitations of traditional approaches.

Contribution

The authors develop a novel azimuthal angle analysis in alternative frames to accurately determine particle spins, even when standard asymmetries vanish, applicable with partial event reconstruction.

Findings

Method successfully distinguishes particle spins in simulated top pair production.

Frame choice enhances spin measurement robustness against vanishing asymmetries.

Applicable to collider experiments with partial reconstruction scenarios.

Abstract

Exploiting the azimuthal angle dependence of the density matrices we construct observables that directly measure the spin of a heavy unstable particle. A novelty of the approach is that the analysis of the azimuthal angle dependence in a frame other than the usual helicity frame offers an independent cross-check on the extraction of the spin. Moreover, in some instances when the transverse polarisation tensor of highest rank is vanishing, for an accidental or dynamical reason, the standard azimuthal asymmetries vanish and would lead to a measurement with a wrong spin assignment. In a frame such as the one we construct, the correct spin assignment would however still be possible. The method gives direct information about the spin of the particle under consideration and the same event sample can be used to identify the spins of each particle in a decay chain. A drawback of the method is that it is instrumental only when the momenta of the test particle can be reconstructed. However we hope that it might still be of use in situations with only partial reconstruction. We also derive the conditions on the production and decay mechanisms for the spins, and hence the polarisations, to be measured at a collider experiment. As an example for the use of the method we consider the simultaneous reconstruction, at the partonic level, of the spin of both the top and the $W$ in top pair production in $e^+ e^-$ in the semi-leptonic channel.