An equation of state for low and high energy Bose-Einstein condensation

TL;DR

This paper derives an equation of state for Bose-Einstein condensation that applies across energy regimes, considering particle interactions, and provides numerical insights for neutral and charged bosonic systems.

Contribution

It introduces a unified equation of state for low and high energy BEC, incorporating interaction potentials and extending singularity conditions for a comprehensive analysis.

Findings

High energy mode exists only for Coulomb interactions.

Low energy BEC occurs in neutral matter like He-4 and alkali atoms.

Numerical results demonstrate energy limits based on interaction types.

Abstract

The aim of this work is to investigate how energy depends on the two-body interaction potential in Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomena. An equation of state is obtained which is valid both for low and high energy BEC, through the application of a revised form of quantum statistics. An extension of the singularity conditions describing the state of BEC is given, in order to consider interactions between particles due to a central interatomic potential. From the singularity conditions of the corresponding system of hard-sphere bosons and the equation for the energy of the system in its ground state, the equation of state connecting temperature, density and energy in BEC is deduced, with upper and lower limits for the energy depending on the form of the central interaction potential. It is shown that high energy mode is allowed in the case of Coulomb type interaction only, low energy mode in the case of non-Coulomb type interaction. Numerical results are then derived for low energy BEC, occurring in neutral matter, with application to He-4 and alkali-metal atoms, and in the case of high energy BEC occurring in systems of charged bosons, with application to atomic nuclei.