Compendium for precise ac measurements of the quantum Hall resistance

TL;DR

This paper provides a comprehensive review of methods and best practices for precise alternating current measurements of the quantum Hall resistance, demonstrating its reliability as a quantum resistance standard.

Contribution

It offers an integrated compendium of experimental experiences and protocols that enable highly accurate ac quantum Hall resistance measurements, consolidating international metrology efforts.

Findings

Achieved agreement between different national metrology institutes.

Demonstrated the ac quantum Hall effect as a standard with uncertainty of a few parts in 10^8.

Summarized best practices for reliable ac resistance measurements.

Abstract

In view of the progress achieved in the field of the ac quantum Hall effect, the Working Group of the Comite Consultatif d'Electricite et Magnetisme (CCEM) on the AC Quantum Hall Effect asked the authors of this paper to write a compendium which integrates their experiences with ac measurements of the quantum Hall resistance. In addition to the important early work performed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the National Physical Laboratory, UK, further experience has been gained during a collaboration of the authors' institutes NRC, METAS, and PTB, and excellent agreement between the results of different national metrology institutes has been achieved. This compendium summarizes the present state of the authors' knowledge and reviews the experiences, tests and precautions that the authors have employed to achieve accurate measurements of the ac quantum Hall effect. This work shows how the ac quantum Hall effect can be reliably used as a quantum standard of ac resistance having a relative uncertainty of a few parts in 10^8.