Mechanical First Law of Black Hole Spacetimes with Cosmological Constant and Its Application to Schwarzschild-de Sitter Spacetime

TL;DR

This paper formulates a new mechanical first law for black hole spacetimes with a cosmological constant, extending the Iyer-Wald formalism to include two horizons and applying it to Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime.

Contribution

It introduces an extended Iyer-Wald formalism that accounts for two horizons and treats the mass and cosmological constant as independent variables, providing a new MFL for such spacetimes.

Findings

Derived the MFL for Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime.

Related variations of mass, horizon areas, and volume.

Provided a thermodynamically consistent description of black hole evaporation.

Abstract

The mechanical first law (MFL) of black hole spacetimes is a geometrical relation which relates variations of mass parameter and horizon area. While it is well known that the MFL of asymptotic flat black hole is equivalent to its thermodynamical first law, however we do not know the detail of MFL of black hole spacetimes with cosmological constant which possess black hole and cosmological event horizons. Then this paper aims to formulate an MFL of the two-horizon spacetimes. For this purpose, we try to include the effects of two horizons in the MFL. To do so, we make use of the Iyer-Wald formalism and extend it to regard the mass parameter and the cosmological constant as two independent variables which make it possible to treat the two horizons on the same footing. Our extended Iyer-Wald formalism preserves the existence of conserved Noether current and its associated Noether charge, and gives the abstract form of MFL of black hole spacetimes with cosmological constant. Then, as a representative application of that formalism, we derive the MFL of Schwarzschild-de Sitter (SdS) spacetime. Our MFL of SdS spacetime relates the variations of three quantities; the mass parameter, the total area of two horizons and the volume enclosed by two horizons. If our MFL is regarded as a thermodynamical first law of SdS spacetime, it offers a thermodynamically consistent description of SdS black hole evaporation process: The mass decreases while the volume and the entropy increase. In our suggestion, the generalized second law is not needed to ensure the second law of SdS thermodynamics for its evaporation process.