Radio emission and nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays in the supernova SN 1993J

TL;DR

This study models radio emission from supernova SN 1993J, revealing strong magnetic field amplification and efficient cosmic-ray acceleration, supporting the idea that such supernovae significantly contribute to Galactic cosmic rays.

Contribution

It introduces a coupled semi-analytic model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration with supernova hydrodynamics to explain radio observations of SN 1993J, highlighting magnetic field amplification and cosmic-ray production.

Findings

Magnetic field was strongly amplified shortly after explosion.

Approximately 19% of shock energy was converted to cosmic rays.

Protons were accelerated to energies above 1 PeV.

Abstract

The extensive observations of the supernova SN 1993J at radio wavelengths make this object a unique target for the study of particle acceleration in a supernova shock. To describe the radio synchrotron emission we use a model that couples a semianalytic description of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration with self-similar solutions for the hydrodynamics of the supernova expansion. The synchrotron emission, which is assumed to be produced by relativistic electrons propagating in the postshock plasma, is worked out from radiative transfer calculations that include the process of synchrotron self-absorption. The model is applied to explain the morphology of the radio emission deduced from high-resolution VLBI imaging observations and the measured time evolution of the total flux density at six frequencies. Both the light curves and the morphology of the radio emission indicate that the magnetic field was strongly amplified in the blast wave region shortly after the explosion, possibly via the nonresonant regime of the cosmic-ray streaming instability operating in the shock precursor. The turbulent magnetic field was not damped behind the shock but carried along by the plasma flow in the downstream region. Cosmic-ray protons were efficiently produced by diffusive shock acceleration at the blast wave. We find that during the first ~8.5 years after the explosion, about 19% of the total energy processed by the forward shock was converted to cosmic-ray energy. However, the shock remained weakly modified by the cosmic-ray pressure. The high magnetic field amplification implies that protons were rapidly accelerated to energies well above 1 PeV. The results obtained for this supernova support the scenario that massive stars exploding into their former stellar wind are a major source of high-energy Galactic cosmic rays.