Nearly Periodic Fluctuations in the Long Term X-ray Light Curves of the Blazars AO 0235+164 and 1ES 2321+419

TL;DR

This study identifies nearly periodic X-ray flux fluctuations in two blazars, AO 0235+164 and 1ES 2321+419, suggesting they originate from shock interactions in helical jets, based on long-term observational data analysis.

Contribution

First detection of nearly periodic X-ray variability in these blazars, linking it to jet shock interactions with a helical structure using extensive long-term data.

Findings

AO 0235+164 shows a ~17-day periodic component.

1ES 2321+419 exhibits a ~420-day near periodicity.

Periodicities likely caused by shock interactions in helical jets.

Abstract

We have performed a structure function analysis of the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer All Sky Monitor data to search for variability in 24 blazars using data trains that each exceed 12 years. Although 20 of them show nominal periods though this technique, the great majority of these `periods' are clearly related to yearly variations arising from the instrument.Nonetheless, an apparently real periodic component of about 17 days was detected for the blazar AO 0235+164 and it was confirmed by discrete correlation function and periodogram analyses. For 1ES 2321+419 a component of variability with a near periodicity of about 420 days was detected by all of these methods. We discuss several possible explanations for these nearly periodic components and conclude that they most likely arise from the intersections of a shock propagating down a relativistic jet that possesses a helical structure.