SN 2008S: an electron capture SN from a super-AGB progenitor?

TL;DR

SN 2008S is a faint supernova likely resulting from an electron capture explosion of a super-AGB star, characterized by slow evolution, dust interactions, and a small amount of synthesized nickel.

Contribution

This study provides comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic data supporting the identification of SN 2008S as an electron capture supernova from a super-AGB progenitor.

Findings

SN 2008S shows slow photometric evolution with minimal spectral variability.

The light curve indicates a small amount of ^{56}Ni production (~0.0015 M_Sun).

Evidence suggests a dusty, optically thick shell around the progenitor star.

Abstract

We present comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic observations of the faint transient SN 2008S discovered in NGC 6946. SN 2008S exhibited slow photometric evolution and almost no spectral variability during the first nine months, implying a high density CS medium. The light curve is similar in shape to that of SN 1998S and SN 1979C, although significantly fainter at maximum light. Our quasi-bolometric lightcurve extends to 300 days and shows a tail phase decay rate consistent with that of ^{56}Co. We propose that this is evidence for an explosion and formation of ^{56}Ni (0.0015 +/- 0.0004 M_Sun). The large MIR flux detected shortly after explosion can be explained by a light echo from pre-exisiting dust. The late NIR flux excess is plausibly due to a combination of warm newly-formed ejecta dust together with shock-heated dust in the CS environment. We reassess the progenitor object detected previously in Spitzer archive images, supplementing this discussion with a model of the MIR spectral energy distribution. This supports the idea of a dusty, optically thick shell around SN 2008S with an inner radius of nearly 90AU and outer radius of 450AU, and an inferred heating source of 3000 K and luminosity of L ~ 10^{4.6} L_Sun. The combination of our monitoring data and the evidence from the progenitor analysis leads us to support the scenario of a weak electron capture supernova explosion in a super-AGB progenitor star (of initial mass 6-8 M_sun) embedded within a thick CS gaseous envelope. We suggest that all of main properties of the electron capture SN phenomenon are observed in SN 2008S and future observations may allow a definitive answer.