Far-infrared Observations of the Very Low-Luminosity Embedded Source L1521F-IRS in the Taurus Star-Forming Region

TL;DR

This study uses far-infrared observations to analyze the environment and properties of the very low-luminosity embedded source L1521F-IRS in Taurus, revealing its cold core surroundings and early evolutionary stage.

Contribution

It provides detailed measurements of dust temperature, opacity, and environment of L1521F-IRS, and compares observations with star formation models to constrain its evolutionary phase.

Findings

Dust temperature is 14.2 K with specific opacity higher than diffuse ISM.

No evidence of dust heating by L1521F IRS at 160 or 100 microns.

L1521F IRS is likely in a very early, possibly substellar, evolutionary stage.

Abstract

We investigate the environment of the very low-luminosity object L1521F IRS using data from the Taurus Spitzer Legacy Survey. The MIPS 160 micron image shows both extended emission from the Taurus cloud as well as emission from multiple cold cores over a 1 X 2 deg region. Analysis shows that the cloud dust temperature is 14.2 +- 0.4 K and the extinction ratio is A_160/A_K = 0.010 +- 0.001 up to A_V ~ 4 mag. We find kappa_160 = 0.23 +- 0.046 cm^2/g for the specific opacity of the gas-dust mixture. Therefore, for dust in the Taurus cloud we find the 160 um opacity is significantly higher than that measured for the diffuse ISM, but not too different from dense cores, even at modest extinction values. Furthermore, the 160 um image shows features that do not appear in the IRAS 100 um image. We identify six regions as cold cores, i.e. colder than 14.2 K, all of which have counterparts in extinction maps or C18O maps. We compare the effects of L1521F IRS on its natal core and find there is no evidence for dust heating at 160 or 100 um by the embedded source. From the infrared luminosity L_TIR = 0.024 Lo we find L_bol = 0.034 - 0.046L_o, thus confirming the source's low-luminosity. Comparison of L1521F IRS with theoretical simulations for the very early phases of star formation appears to rule out the first core collapse phase. The evolutionary state appears similar to or younger than the class 0 phase, and the estimated mass is likely to be substellar.