Quantum state preparation and macroscopic entanglement in gravitational-wave detectors

TL;DR

This paper develops a mathematical framework for preparing nearly minimum-Heisenberg-limited Gaussian quantum states in macroscopic test masses using gravitational-wave detectors, enabling exploration of macroscopic quantum mechanics.

Contribution

It introduces a Wiener filtering-based formalism linking classical noise spectra to quantum state preparation strategies in gravitational-wave detectors.

Findings

Feasible preparation of nearly minimum-Heisenberg-limited Gaussian states.

Potential to generate Gaussian entanglement between macroscopic masses.

Assessment of Advanced LIGO's capability for quantum-state preparation.

Abstract

Long-baseline laser-interferometer gravitational-wave detectors are operating at a factor of 10 (in amplitude) above the standard quantum limit (SQL) within a broad frequency band. Such a low classical noise budget has already allowed the creation of a controlled 2.7 kg macroscopic oscillator with an effective eigenfrequency of 150 Hz and an occupation number of 200. This result, along with the prospect for further improvements, heralds the new possibility of experimentally probing macroscopic quantum mechanics (MQM) - quantum mechanical behavior of objects in the realm of everyday experience - using gravitational-wave detectors. In this paper, we provide the mathematical foundation for the first step of a MQM experiment: the preparation of a macroscopic test mass into a nearly minimum-Heisenberg-limited Gaussian quantum state, which is possible if the interferometer's classical noise beats the SQL in a broad frequency band. Our formalism, based on Wiener filtering, allows a straightforward conversion from the classical noise budget of a laser interferometer, in terms of noise spectra, into the strategy for quantum state preparation, and the quality of the prepared state. Using this formalism, we consider how Gaussian entanglement can be built among two macroscopic test masses, and the performance of the planned Advanced LIGO interferometers in quantum-state preparation.