How well do STARLAB and NBODY4 compare? I: Simple models

TL;DR

This study compares two widely used N-body simulation codes, STARLAB/KIRA and NBODY4, demonstrating their high level of agreement in modeling star cluster dynamics and identifying minor differences for further investigation.

Contribution

It provides a thorough, quantitative comparison of STARLAB/KIRA and NBODY4 for simple star cluster models, validating their consistency for dynamical evolution studies.

Findings

Excellent agreement in structural and energy parameters

Minor differences in energy conservation before core collapse

Consistent results for properties of dynamically created binaries

Abstract

N-body simulations are widely used to simulate the dynamical evolution of a variety of systems, among them star clusters. Much of our understanding of their evolution rests on the results of such direct N-body simulations. They provide insight in the structural evolution of star clusters, as well as into the occurrence of stellar exotica. Although the major pure N-body codes STARLAB/KIRA and NBODY4 are widely used for a range of applications, there is no thorough comparison study yet. Here we thoroughly compare basic quantities as derived from simulations performed either with STARLAB/KIRA or NBODY4. We construct a large number of star cluster models for various stellar mass function settings (but without stellar/binary evolution, primordial binaries, external tidal fields etc), evolve them in parallel with STARLAB/KIRA and NBODY4, analyse them in a consistent way and compare the averaged results quantitatively. For this quantitative comparison we develop a bootstrap algorithm for functional dependencies. We find an overall excellent agreement between the codes, both for the clusters' structural and energy parameters as well as for the properties of the dynamically created binaries. However, we identify small differences, like in the energy conservation before core collapse and the energies of escaping stars, which deserve further studies. Our results reassure the comparability and the possibility to combine results from these two major N-body codes, at least for the purely dynamical models (i.e. without stellar/binary evolution) we performed. (abridged)