Study of the atmospheric refraction in a single mode instrument - Application to AMBER/VLTI

TL;DR

This paper investigates atmospheric refraction effects on single-mode optical fiber instruments like AMBER/VLTI, demonstrating the importance of correction for optimal performance and validating the correction approach through observations.

Contribution

It provides an analytical and numerical study of atmospheric refraction correction in single-mode instruments, specifically applied to AMBER/VLTI, with validation through real observations.

Findings

Refraction correction is crucial for zenith angles >30° in J-band.

The optical system achieves required throughput in J- and H-bands.

First J-band observations validate the refraction correction approach.

Abstract

This paper presents a study of the atmospheric refraction and its effect on the light coupling efficiency in an instrument using single-mode optical fibers. We show the analytical approach which allowed us to assess the need to correct the refraction in J- and H-bands while observing with an 8-m Unit Telescope. We then developed numerical simulations to go further in calculations. The hypotheses on the instrumental characteristics are those of AMBER (Astronomical Multi BEam combineR), the near infrared focal beam combiner of the Very Large Telescope Interferometric mode (VLTI), but most of the conclusions can be generalized to other single-mode instruments. We used the software package caos (Code for Adaptive Optics Systems) to take into account the atmospheric turbulence effect after correction by the ESO system MACAO (Multi-Application Curvature Adaptive Optics). The opto-mechanical study and design of the system correcting the atmospheric refraction on AMBER is then detailed. We showed that the atmospheric refraction becomes predominant over the atmospheric turbulence for some zenith angles z and spectral conditions: for z larger than 30{\circ} in J-band for example. The study of the optical system showed that it allows to achieve the required instrumental performance in terms of throughput in J- and H-bands. First observations in J-band of a bright star, alpha Cir star, at more than 30{\circ} from zenith clearly showed the gain to control the atmospheric refraction in a single mode instrument, and validated the operating law.