Physical properties of Southern infrared dark clouds

TL;DR

This study characterizes the physical properties of southern infrared dark clouds, revealing their high column densities and masses, supporting their role as early sites of massive star formation.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed continuum and extinction-based analysis of a southern IRDC sample, establishing their physical parameters relevant to star formation.

Findings

IRDCs have masses from 150 to 1150 solar masses.

Column densities exceed the threshold for massive star formation.

Extinction method fails at very high extinction values.

Abstract

It is commonly assumed that cold and dense Infrared Dark Clouds (IRDCs) likely represent the birth sites massive stars. Therefore, this class of objects gets increasing attention. To enlarge the sample of well-characterised IRDCs in the southern hemisphere, we have set up a program to study the gas and dust of southern IRDCs. The present paper aims at characterizing the continuuum properties of this sample of objects. We cross-correlated 1.2 mm continuum data from SIMBA@SEST with Spitzer/GLIMPSE images to establish the connection between emission sources at millimeter wavelengths and the IRDCs we see at 8 $\mu$m in absorption against the bright PAH background. Analysing the dust emission and extinction leads to a determination of masses and column densities, which are important quantities in characterizing the initial conditions of massive star formation. The total masses of the IRDCs were found to range from 150 to 1150 $\rm M_\odot$ (emission data) and from 300 to 1750 $\rm M_\odot$ (extinction data). We derived peak column densities between 0.9 and 4.6 $\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ (emission data) and 2.1 and 5.4 $\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ (extinction data). We demonstrate that the extinction method fails for very high extinction values (and column densities) beyond A$_{\rm V}$ values of roughly 75 mag according to the Weingartner & Draine (2001) extinction relation $R_{\rm V} = 5.5$ model B. The derived column densities, taking into account the spatial resolution effects, are beyond the column density threshold of 3.0 $\times 10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$ required by theoretical considerations for massive star formation. We conclude that the values for column densities derived for the selected IRDC sample make these objects excellent candidates for objects in the earliest stages of massive star formation.