Global MHD simulations of stratified and turbulent protoplanetary discs. II. Dust settling

TL;DR

This paper investigates the vertical distribution of small dust particles in turbulent protoplanetary discs using global MHD simulations, revealing that standard models are insufficient and proposing a new variable diffusion model linked to turbulence intensity.

Contribution

It introduces an improved model for dust settling that accounts for vertical variations in turbulent diffusion driven by MHD turbulence, enhancing the accuracy of dust profile predictions.

Findings

Standard models underestimate dust in upper disc layers.

Turbulence intensity increases in the disc corona.

A new model with variable diffusion fits simulation data better.

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study the vertical profile of small dust particles in protoplanetary discs in which angular momentum transport is due to MHD turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability. We consider particle sizes that range from approximately 1 micron up to a few millimeters.We use a grid--based MHD code to perform global two-fluid simulations of turbulent protoplanetary discs which contain dust grains of various sizes. In quasi--steady state, the gravitational settling of dust particles is balanced by turbulent diffusion. Simple and standard models of this process fail to describe accurately the vertical profile of the dust density. The disagreement is larger for small dust particles (of a few microns in size), especially in the disc upper layers ($Z>3H$, where $H$ is the scale-height). Here there can be orders of magnitude in the disagreement between the simple model predictions and the simulation results. This is because MHD turbulence is not homogeneous in accretion discs, since velocity fluctuations increase significantly in the disc upper layer where a strongly magnetized corona develops. We provide an alternative model that gives a better fit to the simulations. In this model, dust particles are diffused away from the midplane by MHD turbulence, but the diffusion coefficient varies vertically and is everywhere proportional to the square of the local turbulent vertical velocity fluctuations. The spatial distribution of dust particles can be used to trace the properties of MHD turbulence in protoplanetary discs, such as the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations. In the future, detailed and direct comparison between numerical simulations and observations should prove a useful tool for constraining the properties of turbulence in protoplanetary discs.