On the triple origin of blue stragglers

TL;DR

This paper proposes a third formation channel for blue straggler stars involving hierarchical triple systems, explaining many observed properties and suggesting a significant role in their formation in clusters.

Contribution

It introduces a novel formation mechanism for BSSs via hierarchical triples, expanding beyond collision and binary mass transfer scenarios.

Findings

The mechanism explains the high binary fraction of long-period BSSs.

It accounts for the unique period-eccentricity distribution of BSS binaries.

It predicts BSSs are located far from the cluster turn-off point in the color-magnitude diagram.

Abstract

Blue straggler stars (BSSs) are stars observed to be hotter and bluer than other stars with the same luminosity in their environment. As such they appear to be much younger than the rest of the stellar population. Two main channels have been suggested to produce such stars: (1) collisions between stars in clusters or (2) mass transfer between, or merger of, the components of primordial short-period binaries. Here we suggest a third scenario, in which the progenitor of BSSs are formed in primordial (or dynamically formed) hierarchical triple stars. In such configurations the dynamical evolution of the triples through the Kozai mechanism and tidal friction can induce the formation of very close inner binaries. Angular momentum loss in a magnetized wind or stellar evolution could then lead to the merger of these binaries (or to mass transfer between them) and produce BSSs in binary (or triple) systems. We study this mechanism and its implications and show that it could naturally explain many of the characteristics of the BSS population in clusters, most notably the large binary fraction of long period BSS binaries; their unique period-eccentricity distribution (with typical periods > 700 days); and the typical location of these BSSs in the color-magnitude diagram, far from the cluster turn-off point of their host clusters. We suggest that this scenario has a major (possibly dominant) role in the formation of BSSs in open clusters and give specific predictions for the the BSSs population formed in this manner. We also note that triple systems may be the progenitors of the brightest planetary nebulae in old elliptical galaxies, which possibly evolved from BSSs.