Different types of ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 4631

TL;DR

This study re-examines luminous X-ray sources in NGC 4631, revealing a variable supersoft ULX likely powered by white dwarf nuclear burning, and classifies other sources as typical accreting black holes in various states.

Contribution

It proposes a white dwarf super-Eddington outburst model for the supersoft ULX, challenging previous black hole scenarios, and provides a detailed classification of other luminous sources.

Findings

The supersoft ULX has a bolometric luminosity ~ a few 10^{39} erg/s, lower than previous estimates.

The supersoft ULX was in a low/soft state with kT ~ 0.1-0.3 keV during Chandra observations.

Other luminous sources are consistent with accreting black holes in different spectral states.

Abstract

We have re-examined the most luminous X-ray sources in the starburst galaxy NGC 4631, using XMM-Newton, Chandra and ROSAT data. The most interesting source is a highly variable supersoft ULX. We suggest that its bolometric luminosity ~ a few 10^{39} erg/s in the high/supersoft state: this is an order of magnitude lower than estimated in previous studies, thus reducing the need for extreme or exotic scenarios. Moreover, we find that this source was in a non-canonical low/soft (kT ~ 0.1-0.3 keV) state during the Chandra observation. By comparing the high and low state, we argue that the spectral properties may not be consistent with the expected behaviour of an accreting intermediate-mass black hole. We suggest that recurrent super-Eddington outbursts with photospheric expansion from a massive white dwarf (M_{wd} >~ 1.3 M_{sun}), powered by non-steady nuclear burning, may be a viable possibility, in alternative to the previously proposed scenario of a super-Eddington outflow from an accreting stellar-mass black hole. The long-term average accretion rate required for nuclear burning to power such white-dwarf outbursts in this source and perhaps in other supersoft ULXs is ~ 5-10 x 10^{-6} M_{sun}/yr: this is comparable to the thermal-timescale mass transfer rate invoked to explain the most luminous hard-spectrum ULXs (powered by black hole accretion). The other four most luminous X-ray sources in NGC 4631 (three of which can be classified as ULXs) appear to be typical accreting black holes, in four different spectral states: high/soft, convex-spectrum, power-law with soft excess, and simple power-law. None of them requires masses >~ 50 M_{sun}.