YOHKOH remnants: partially occulted flares in hard X-rays

TL;DR

This study analyzes 98 partially occulted solar flares from the YOHKOH database, revealing that their hard X-ray spectra are typically steeper and consist of co-spatial thermal and non-thermal components, with implications for flare emission mechanisms.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of partially occulted flares in the YOHKOH data, highlighting spectral and structural characteristics and proposing modifications to existing emission models.

Findings

Most flares have co-spatial thermal and non-thermal X-ray components.

Spectra of occulted flares are systematically steeper than non-occulted flares.

Evidence suggests the presence of coronal thick-target sources and magnetic trapping.

Abstract

Flares being partially occulted by the solar limb, are the best reservoir of our knowledge about hard X-ray loop-top sources. Recently, the survey of partially occulted flares observed by the RHESSI has been published (Krucker & Lin 2008). The extensive YOHKOH database still awaits such activities. This work is an attempt to fill this gap. Among from 1286 flares in the YOHKOH Hard X-ray Telescope Flare Catalogue, for which the hard X-ray images had been enclosed, we identified 98 events that occurred behind the solar limb. We investigated their hard X-ray spectra and spatial structure. We found that in most cases the hard X-ray spectrum of partially occulted flares consists of two components, non-thermal and thermal, which are co-spatial. The photon energy spectra of the partially occulted flares are systematically steeper than spectra of the non-occulted flares. Such a difference we explain as a consequence of intrinsically dissimilar conditions ruling in coronal parts of flares, in comparison with the footpoints which usually dominate the hard X-ray emission of disk flares. At least two reasons of the difference should be taken into consideration: (1) stronger contamination of hard X-rays with emission of thermal plasma, (2) different mechanism in which non-thermal electrons radiate their energy. A schematic picture, in which thin-target mechanism is responsible for hard X-ray emission of loop-top sources and thick-target mechanism -- for emission of footpoint sources, can be modified by the presence of some coronal thick-target sources. At least a part of them suggests a magnetic trapping. Investigated flares do not respond the global magnetic configuration of the solar corona. For their characteristics conclusive is rather the local magnetic configuration in which they were developed.