Observations of type 1a supernovae are consistent with a static universe

TL;DR

This paper challenges the expanding universe model by showing that type 1a supernovae observations are consistent with a static universe, attributing observed effects to selection biases and energy conservation rather than cosmic expansion.

Contribution

It proposes a static cosmology model explaining supernova data without requiring universe expansion or dark energy, emphasizing total energy as a standard candle.

Findings

Total energy of supernovae is independent of redshift.

A static cosmology accurately predicts supernova light-curve width dependence on redshift.

Hubble constant estimated as 63.1 km/s/Mpc without fitting parameters.

Abstract

Analysis of type 1a supernovae observations out to a redshift of $z$=1.6 shows that there is good agreement between the light-curve widths and $(1+z)$ which is usually interpreted as a strong support for time dilation due to an expanding universe. This paper argues that a strong case can be made for a static universe where the supernovae light-curve-width dependence on redshift is due to selection effects. The analysis is based on the principle that it is the total energy (the fluence) and not the peak magnitude that is the best `standard candle' for type 1a supernovae. A simple model using a static cosmology provides an excellent prediction for the dependence of light curve width on redshift and the luminosity-width relationship for nearby supernovae. The width dependence arises from the assumption of constant absolute magnitude resulting in strong selection of lower luminosity supernovae at higher redshifts due to the use of an incorrect distance modulus. Using a static cosmology, curvature-cosmology, and without fitting any parameters the analysis shows that the total energy is independent of redshift and provides a Hubble constant of $63.1\pm2.5$ kms$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. There is no indication of any deviation at large redshifts that has been ascribed to the occurrence of dark energy.