Sound wave velocities in dry and lubricated granular packings packings: numerical simulations and experiments

TL;DR

This study combines numerical simulations and experiments to explore how different preparation methods affect wave velocities in granular packings, revealing that lubrication increases wave speed despite lower density.

Contribution

It demonstrates that sample preparation influences wave velocities and elastic moduli, highlighting the role of coordination number over density in granular materials.

Findings

Lubricated packings have higher wave velocities despite lower density.

Numerical predictions align better with experiments when preparation methods are similar.

Coordination number significantly impacts material stiffness.

Abstract

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the origins of the different wave velocities measured in dense granular samples assembled with different methods. Glass bead packings are prepared in the lab either by pouring and vibrating the dry material in a container, or by mixing with a very small amount of a viscous lubricant. Lubricated samples, although less dense, exhibit significantly higher wave velocities for confining pressures in the 100 kPa range. Numerical predictions for elastic moduli agree much better with experimental results when the computational preparation of the samples mimics the laboratory one, albeit in a simplified manner. A plausible explanation to the laboratory observations is that the coordination number, which influences the material stiffness more than its density, is notably higher in lubricated packings.