The Many Manifestations of Downsizing: Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Models confront Observations

TL;DR

This study compares galaxy formation models with observations, finding models reproduce massive galaxy evolution well but struggle with low-mass galaxy formation timing and downsizing trends, highlighting areas for model improvement.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of semi-analytic galaxy formation models with observational data, revealing specific discrepancies in low-mass galaxy evolution and downsizing representation.

Findings

Models acceptably reproduce massive galaxy evolution.

Low-mass galaxies form too early in models.

Discrepancies mainly due to over-efficient early formation of central galaxies.

Abstract

[abridged] It has been widely claimed that several lines of observational evidence point towards a "downsizing" (DS) of the process of galaxy formation over cosmic time. This behavior is sometimes termed "anti-hierarchical", and contrasted with the "bottom-up" assembly of the dark matter structures in Cold Dark Matter models. In this paper we address three different kinds of observational evidence that have been described as DS: the stellar mass assembly, star formation rate and the ages of the stellar populations in local galaxies. We compare a broad compilation of available data-sets with the predictions of three different semi-analytic models of galaxy formation within the Lambda-CDM framework. In the data, we see only weak evidence at best of DS in stellar mass and in star formation rate. We find that, when observational errors on stellar mass and SFR are taken into account, the models acceptably reproduce the evolution of massive galaxies, over the entire redshift range that we consider. However, lower mass galaxies are formed too early in the models and are too passive at late times. Thus, the models do not correctly reproduce the DS trend in stellar mass or the archaeological DS, while they qualitatively reproduce the mass-dependent evolution of the SFR. We demonstrate that these discrepancies are not solely due to a poor treatment of satellite galaxies but are mainly connected to the excessively efficient formation of central galaxies in high-redshift haloes with circular velocities ~100-200 km/s. [abridged]