The covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations expressed in a form independent of specific units

TL;DR

This paper presents a covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations that is independent of specific unit systems by introducing constants, which are then specialized to common units like SI, Gaussian, and Heaviside-Lorentz.

Contribution

It introduces a unit-independent covariant form of Maxwell's equations using constants, unifying different unit systems within a single framework.

Findings

Unified formulation for Gaussian, SI, and Heaviside-Lorentz units

Constants alpha, beta, gamma adapt equations to specific unit systems

Simplifies comparison and conversion between different unit systems

Abstract

The covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations can be expressed in a form independent of the usual systems of units by introducing the constants alpha, beta and gamma into these equations. Maxwell's equations involving these constants are then specialized to the most commonly used systems of units: Gaussian, SI and Heaviside-Lorentz by giving the constants alpha, beta and gamma the values appropriate to each system.