Lower bounds for weak epsilon-nets and stair-convexity

TL;DR

This paper establishes new superlinear lower bounds for weak epsilon-nets in fixed dimensions using a stretched grid construction and introduces stair-convexity as a new analytical tool, also improving bounds for the second selection lemma.

Contribution

It provides the first superlinear lower bounds for weak epsilon-nets in fixed dimensions and introduces stair-convexity for analyzing convexity in stretched grids.

Findings

Superlinear lower bounds for weak (1/r)-nets in fixed dimensions.

Introduction of stair-convexity as a new convexity concept.

Improved upper bounds for the second selection lemma in the plane.

Abstract

A set N is called a "weak epsilon-net" (with respect to convex sets) for a finite set X in R^d if N intersects every convex set that contains at least epsilon*|X| points of X. For every fixed d>=2 and every r>=1 we construct sets X in R^d for which every weak (1/r)-net has at least Omega(r log^{d-1} r) points; this is the first superlinear lower bound for weak epsilon-nets in a fixed dimension. The construction is a "stretched grid", i.e., the Cartesian product of d suitable fast-growing finite sequences, and convexity in this grid can be analyzed using "stair-convexity", a new variant of the usual notion of convexity. We also consider weak epsilon-nets for the diagonal of our stretched grid in R^d, d>=3, which is an "intrinsically 1-dimensional" point set. In this case we exhibit slightly superlinear lower bounds (involving the inverse Ackermann function), showing that upper bounds by Alon, Kaplan, Nivasch, Sharir, and Smorodinsky (2008) are not far from the truth in the worst case. Using the stretched grid we also improve the known upper bound for the so-called "second selection lemma" in the plane by a logarithmic factor: We obtain a set T of t triangles with vertices in an n-point set in the plane such that no point is contained in more than O(t^2 / (n^3 log (n^3/t))) triangles of T.