Realistic analytic model for the prompt and high latitude emission in GRBs

TL;DR

This paper develops an analytic model for the early rapid decay phase in GRBs, linking it to high latitude emission from prompt pulses, and provides insights for distinguishing emission mechanisms.

Contribution

It introduces a realistic analytic model for the RDP in GRBs based on prompt pulse HLE, aiding in testing emission models against observations.

Findings

The model reproduces spectral softening and steepening during RDP.

The tail dominance shifts from last pulse to earlier pulses over time.

Overlapping pulses modeled as wider pulses can over-predict emission tails.

Abstract

Most gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed by the Swift satellite show an early rapid decay phase (RDP) in their X-ray lightcurve, which is usually a smooth continuation of the prompt gamma-ray emission, strongly suggesting that it is its tail. However, the mechanism behind it is still not clear. The most popular model for this RDP is High Latitude Emission (HLE). While HLE is expected in many models for the prompt GRB emission, such as the popular internal shocks model, there are models in which it is not expected, such as sporadic magnetic reconnection events. Therefore, testing whether the RDP is consistent with HLE can help distinguish between different prompt emission models. We address this question by modeling the prompt emission as the sum of its individual pulses with their HLE tails. Analytic expressions for the observed flux density are obtained for power-law and Band function emission spectra. For internal shocks the observed instantaneous spectrum is very close to the emitted one, and should be well described by a Band function also during the RDP. Our model naturally produces, the observed spectral softening and steepening of the flux decay. The observed flux during the RDP is initially dominated by the tail of the last pulse, but the tails of one or more earlier pulses can become dominant later on. Moreover, modeling several overlapping pulses as a single wider pulse would over-predict the emission tail. Thus, one should be very careful when testing the predictions of HLE and do a combined temporal and spectral fit of the prompt GRB emission and the RDP.