A probable vacuum state containing a large number of hydrogen atom of excited state or ground state K, Rb or Cs atom

TL;DR

This paper reports experimental evidence that ground state K, Rb, and Cs atoms are polar with large EDMs, suggesting a possible vacuum state with many excited or ground state hydrogen atoms in the early universe.

Contribution

The study provides experimental measurements of large EDMs in ground state alkali atoms, indicating a new understanding of atomic polarization and vacuum states.

Findings

Ground state K, Rb, Cs atoms exhibit large EDMs.

Saturation polarization observed at high electric fields.

Implication of a vacuum state with many excited hydrogen atoms in early universe.

Abstract

The linear Stark effect shows that the first excited state of hydrogen atom has large permanent electric dipole moment (EDM), d(H)=3eao (ao is Bohr radius). Using special capacitors our experiments discovered that the ground state K, Rb or Cs atom is polar atom with a large EDM of the order of eao as hydrogen atom of excited state. Their capacitance(C) at different voltage (V) was measured. The C-V curve shows that the saturation polarization of K, Rb or Cs vapor has be observed when the field E more than ten to the fifth power V/m. When the saturation polarization appeared, nearly all K, Rb or Cs atoms(more than 98 percent) turned toward the direction of the field, and C is approximately equal to Co (Co is vacuum capacitance) or their dielectric constant is nearly the same as vacuum! K, Rb or Cs vapor just exist in the lowest energy state, so we see the vacuum state containing a large number of atoms! Due to the saturation polarization of hydrogen vapor of excited state is easily appears, we conjecture that a vacuum state containing a large number of hydrogen atom of excited state may exist at early Universe when the absolute temperature T is approximately equal to ten to the fifth power K.