New form of the Boltzmann constant from search for a permanent electric dipole moment of K, Rb or Cs atom

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new form of the Boltzmann constant based on experiments indicating that ground state K, Rb, and Cs atoms are polar with large permanent electric dipole moments, differing from molecular polarization mechanisms.

Contribution

The article introduces a modified Boltzmann constant applicable to polar atoms, accounting for their unique orientation polarization mechanism, which differs from that of polar molecules.

Findings

Polar atoms have a much smaller effective Boltzmann constant (~10^-29 J/K) compared to molecules (~10^-23 J/K).

Ground state K, Rb, Cs atoms exhibit large permanent electric dipole moments.

The new Boltzmann constant explains the distinct polarization behavior of polar atoms.

Abstract

Using special capacitors our experiments discovered that the ground state K, Rb or Cs atom is polar atom with a large permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of the order of eao (ao is Bohr radius) as excited state of hydrogen atom. But we can not calculate the EDM of an atom using Boltzmann constant. The mechanism of polar atoms by which orientation polarization arises completely differs from polar molecules. The orientation polarization of polar molecule, such as HCl or H2O etc, is a molecule as a whole turned toward the direction of an external field. Unlike polar molecules, the orientation polarization of polar atom, such as K, Rb or Cs atom, is only the valence electron in the outermost shell, along a highly elliptical orbit, turned toward the direction of the field, but the rest of the atom does not move! The article derived the new form of Boltzmann constant. When it was applied to orientation polarization of polar atoms, its value k is far less than 1.38*10-23 J/K(for example, k=7.14*10-29 J/K for Cs atom) . When it was applied to any molecule, non-polar atom or translation and vibration of polar atom, its value k=1.38*10-23J/K. The reason is that the nucleus moves together with the rest of the molecule or atom. (see arXiv:0809.4767; arXiv:0810.0770; arXiv:0810.2026)