Study of the stellar line-strength indices and kinematics along bars

TL;DR

This study analyzes stellar line-strength indices and kinematics along bars in 20 early-type spiral galaxies to understand their formation, evolution, and influence on galaxy development, revealing diverse metallicity and age gradient patterns.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of stellar populations and kinematics along bars in a sample of galaxies, identifying three distinct types of bars based on metallicity and age distributions.

Findings

Three types of bars identified based on metallicity and age gradients.

Most high velocity dispersion galaxies host older bars formed over 3 Gyr ago.

Some bars show characteristics of recent formation within 2 Gyr.

Abstract

This is the first paper of a series aimed to understand the formation and evolution of bars in early-type spirals and their influence in the evolution of the galaxy. Optical long-slit spectra along the major axis of the bar of a sample of 20 galaxies are analyzed. Line-strength indices in the bar region are measured to derive stellar mean-age and metallicity distributions along the bars using stellar population models. We find three different types of bars according to their metallicity and age distribution along the radius: 1) Bars with negative metallicity gradients. They show mean young/intermediate population (< 2 Gyr), and have amongst the lowest stellar maximum central velocity dispersion of the sample. 2) Bars with null metallicity gradients. These galaxies tend to have negative age gradients. 3) Bars with positive metallicity gradients. These galaxies are predominantly those with higher velocity dispersion and older mean population. We found no significant correlation between the age and metallicity distribution, and bar/galaxy parameters such as the AGN presence, size or the bar strength. From the kinematics, we find that all the galaxies show a disk-like central component. The results from the metallicity and age gradients indicate that most galaxies with high central stellar velocity dispersion host bars that could have been formed more than 3 Gyrs ago, while galaxies with lower central velocity dispersions show a wider distribution in their population and age gradients. A few bars show characteristics compatible with having been formed less than <2 Gy ago. These results place strong constrains to models of bar formation and evolution. The disk-like central components also show the important role played by bars in the secular evolution of the central structure.