The relative energy of homogeneous and isotropic universes from variational principles

TL;DR

This paper investigates conserved quantities in homogeneous and isotropic universes, showing that their relative energy vanishes and providing a new, weaker framework for conservation laws in General Relativity.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to conserved quantities that does not require Killing symmetries and applies variational principles to demonstrate vanishing relative energy in cosmological models.

Findings

Relative energy between universes is zero.

Superpotential coincides with KBL potential but is derived differently.

Conservation laws hold under weaker conditions than traditional assumptions.

Abstract

We calculate the relative conserved currents, superpotentials and conserved quantities between two homogeneous and isotropic universes. In particular we prove that their relative "energy" (defined as the conserved quantity associated to cosmic time coordinate translations for a comoving observer) is vanishing and so are the other conserved quantities related to a Lie subalgebra of vector fields isomorphic to the Poincar\'e algebra. These quantities are also conserved in time. We also find a relative conserved quantity for such a kind of solutions which is conserved in time though non-vanishing. This example provides at least two insights in the theory of conserved quantities in General Relativity. First, the contribution of the cosmological matter fluid to the conserved quantities is carefully studied and proved to be vanishing. Second, we explicitly show that our superpotential (that happens to coincide with the so-called KBL potential although it is generated differently) provides strong conservation laws under much weaker hypotheses than the ones usually required. In particular, the symmetry generator is not needed to be Killing (nor Killing of the background, nor asymptotically Killing), the prescription is quasi-local and it works fine in a finite region too and no matching condition on the boundary is required.