The XMM-Newton view of AGN with intermediate mass black holes

TL;DR

This study uses XMM-Newton observations of four low-mass black hole AGN to analyze their soft X-ray excess, finding reflection as the most plausible explanation and highlighting discrepancies with thermal models.

Contribution

It provides new observational evidence on the nature of soft X-ray excess in low-mass AGN, favoring reflection models over thermal interpretations.

Findings

Soft excess observed with similar characteristics to other Seyfert galaxies.

Thermal disc models underestimate luminosity for given temperature.

Reflection models align with observed properties and expected disc temperatures.

Abstract

We have observed with XMM-Newton four radiatively efficient active type 1 galaxies with black hole masses < 10^6 Msun, selected optically from the SDSS. We show here that their soft X-ray spectrum exhibits a soft excess with the same characteristics as that observed ubiquitously in radio-quiet Seyfert 1 galaxies and type 1 quasars, both in terms of temperatures and strength. However, even when the soft X-ray excess is modelled with a pure thermal disc, its luminosity turns out to be much lower than that expected from accretion theory for the given temperature, casting further doubts on a thermal interpretation for soft excesses. While alternative scenarios for the nature of the soft excess (namely smeared ionized absorption and disc reflection) cannot be distinguished on a pure statistical basis, we point out that the absorption model produces a strong correlation between absorbing column density and ionization state, which may be difficult to interpret and is most likely spurious. As for reflection, it does only invoke standard ingredients of any accretion model for radiatively efficient sources such as a hard X-rays source and a relatively cold (though partially ionized) accretion disc, and therefore seems the natural choice to explain the soft excess in most (if not all) cases. The reflection model is also consistent with the additional presence of a thermal disc component with the theoretically expected temperature (although, again, with smaller-than-expected total luminosity). The observed active galaxies are among the most variable in X-rays and their excess variance is among the largest. This is in line with their relatively small black hole mass and with expectations from simple power spectra models. (abridged)