Hierarchy and equivalence of multi-letter quantum finite automata

TL;DR

This paper explores the computational power and equivalence of multi-letter quantum finite automata, demonstrating that larger automata can accept more languages and providing an algorithm for their equivalence checking.

Contribution

It proves that (k+1)-letter QFAs are strictly more powerful than k-letter QFAs and establishes a method to determine their equivalence efficiently.

Findings

(k+1)-letter QFAs accept more languages than k-letter QFAs.

Equivalence of two multi-letter QFAs can be decided in polynomial time.

The paper clarifies the hierarchy and equivalence conditions for multi-letter QFAs.

Abstract

Multi-letter {\it quantum finite automata} (QFAs) were a new one-way QFA model proposed recently by Belovs, Rosmanis, and Smotrovs (LNCS, Vol. 4588, Springer, Berlin, 2007, pp. 60-71), and they showed that multi-letter QFAs can accept with no error some regular languages ($(a+b)^{*}b$) that are unacceptable by the one-way QFAs. In this paper, we continue to study multi-letter QFAs. We mainly focus on two issues: (1) we show that $(k+1)$-letter QFAs are computationally more powerful than $k$-letter QFAs, that is, $(k+1)$-letter QFAs can accept some regular languages that are unacceptable by any $k$-letter QFA. A comparison with the one-way QFAs is made by some examples; (2) we prove that a $k_{1}$-letter QFA ${\cal A}_1$ and another $k_{2}$-letter QFA ${\cal A}_2$ are equivalent if and only if they are $(n_{1}+n_{2})^{4}+k-1$-equivalent, and the time complexity of determining the equivalence of two multi-letter QFAs using this method is $O(n^{12}+k^{2}n^{4}+kn^{8})$, where $n_{1}$ and $n_{2}$ are the numbers of states of ${\cal A}_{1}$ and ${\cal A}_{2}$, respectively, and $k=\max(k_{1},k_{2})$. Some other issues are addressed for further consideration.