Imaging the Black Hole Silhouette of M87: Implications for Jet Formation and Black Hole Spin

TL;DR

This paper discusses the potential of horizon-scale imaging of M87's black hole using VLBI, exploring how such observations can reveal details about jet formation, magnetic fields, and black hole spin.

Contribution

It introduces a simple force-free jet model to predict high-resolution images of M87, showing how future VLBI data can constrain jet and black hole parameters.

Findings

Future VLBI can measure jet footprint size and collimation rate.

Polarization data can reveal magnetic field structure.

Imaging can link black hole spin with jet properties.

Abstract

The silhouette cast by the horizon of the supermassive black hole in M87 can now be resolved with the emerging millimeter very-long baseline interferometry (VLBI) capability. Despite being ~2000 times farther away than SgrA* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky-Way and the primary target for horizon-scale imaging), M87's much larger black hole mass results in a horizon angular scale roughly half that of SgrA*'s, providing another practical target for direct imaging. However, unlike SgrA*, M87 exhibits a powerful radio jet, providing an opportunity to study jet formation physics on horizon scales. We employ a simple, qualitatively correct force-free jet model to explore the expected high-resolution images of M87 at wavelengths of 1.3mm and 0.87mm (230GHz and 345GHz), for a variety of jet parameters. We show that future VLBI data will be able to constrain the size of the jet footprint, the jet collimation rate, and the black hole spin. Polarization will further probe the structure of the jet's magnetic field and its effect on the emitting gas. Horizon-scale imaging of M87 and SgrA* will enable for the first time the empirical exploration of the relationship between the mass and spin of a black hole and the characteristics of the gas inflow/outflow around it.