What is the fate of a black hole embedded in an expanding universe?

TL;DR

This paper investigates the long-term behavior of black holes within expanding universes, showing that certain solutions with comoving mass are the typical late-time states.

Contribution

It identifies that black hole solutions with comoving Hawking-Hayward mass are the generic late-time attractors in an expanding universe.

Findings

Solutions with comoving Hawking-Hayward mass are late-time attractors.

Most black hole solutions in an expanding universe tend toward these attractors.

The study clarifies the fate of black holes in cosmological settings.

Abstract

Within a large class of exact solutions of the Einstein equations describing a black hole embedded in a Friedmann universe it is shown that, under certain assumptions, only those with comoving Hawking-Hayward quasi-local mass are generic, in the sense that they are late-time attractors.