Characterising the Gravitational Instability in Cooling Accretion Discs

TL;DR

This paper uses numerical simulations to analyze gravitational instabilities in cooling accretion discs, revealing how the saturation amplitude depends on cooling rates and how density waves influence disc dynamics and transport.

Contribution

It provides a detailed characterization of gravitational instability saturation, the conditions for effective viscous modeling, and estimates for density perturbation limits before fragmentation.

Findings

Saturation amplitude scales with the inverse square root of the cooling parameter beta.

Approximately 20% of wave energy is dissipated per dynamical time by shocks.

Density waves are near co-rotation, with flow into spiral arms being sonic.

Abstract

We perform numerical analyses of the structure induced by gravitational instabilities in cooling gaseous accretion discs. For low enough cooling rates a quasi-steady configuration is reached, with the instability saturating at a finite amplitude in a marginally stable disc. We find that the saturation amplitude scales with the inverse square root of the cooling parameter beta = t_cool / t_dyn, which indicates that the heating rate induced by the instability is proportional to the energy density of the induced density waves. We find that at saturation the energy dissipated per dynamical time by weak shocks due is of the order of 20 per cent of the wave energy. From Fourier analysis of the disc structure we find that while the azimuthal wavenumber is roughly constant with radius, the mean radial wavenumber increases with radius, with the dominant mode corresponding to the locally most unstable wavelength. We demonstrate that the density waves excited in relatively low mass discs are always close to co-rotation, deviating from it by approximately 10 per cent. This can be understood in terms of the flow Doppler-shifted phase Mach number -- the pattern speed self-adjusts so that the flow into spiral arms is always sonic. This has profound effects on the degree to which transport through self-gravity can be modelled as a viscous process. Our results thus provide (a) a detailed description of how the self-regulation mechanism is established for low cooling rates, (b) a clarification of the conditions required for describing the transport induced by self-gravity through an effective viscosity, (c) an estimate of the maximum amplitude of the density perturbation before fragmentation occurs, and (d) a simple recipe to estimate the density perturbation in different thermal regimes.