A Universal Magnification Theorem for Higher-Order Caustic Singularities

TL;DR

This paper proves a universal magnification sum rule for higher-order caustic singularities in gravitational lensing, extending known relations and demonstrating broad applicability to complex lens configurations and substructure analysis.

Contribution

It establishes a general magnification theorem for higher-order caustics, extending classical relations and applying to a wide range of lensing scenarios and image configurations.

Findings

Total signed magnification sums to zero in higher-order caustic regions.

The hyperbolic umbilic magnification relation applies broadly, including to fold and cusp image doublets.

The relations are applicable to substructure studies in galactic lensing.

Abstract

We prove that, independent of the choice of a lens model, the total signed magnification always sums to zero for a source anywhere in the four-image regions of swallowtail, elliptic umbilic, and hyperbolic umbilic caustics. This is a more global and higher-order analog of the well-known fold and cusp magnification relations, in which the total signed magnification in the two-image region of the fold, and the three-image region of the cusp, are both always zero. As an application, we construct a lensing observable for the hyperbolic umbilic magnification relation and compare it with the corresponding observables for the cusp and fold relations using a singular isothermal ellipsoidal lens. We demonstrate the greater generality of the hyperbolic umbilic magnification relation by showing how it applies to the fold image doublets and cusp image triplets, and extends to image configurations that are neither. We show that the results are applicable to the study of substructure on galactic scales using observed quadruple images of lensed quasars. The magnification relations are also proved for generic 1-parameter families of mappings between planes, extending their potential range of applicability beyond lensing.