Quiet Sun mini-CMEs activated by supergranular flows

TL;DR

This study investigates small eruptions in the quiet Sun, revealing they are triggered by supergranular flows and are similar to mini-CMEs, with a high occurrence rate and associated wave phenomena.

Contribution

It demonstrates that small-scale eruptions in the quiet Sun are activated by supergranular flows and provides an estimate of their occurrence rate and characteristics.

Findings

Eruptions occur at supergranular cell junctions.

Approximately 1400 events per day across the Sun.

One-third of eruptions are associated with waves.

Abstract

Context: The atmosphere of the quiet Sun is controlled by photospheric flows sweeping up concentrations of mixed polarity magnetic field. Along supergranule boundaries and junctions, there is a strong correlation between magnetic flux and bright chromospheric and transition region emission. Aim: The aim is to investigate the relationship between photospheric flows and small flare-like brightenings seen in Extreme Ultraviolet images. Method: We describe observations of small eruptions seen in quiet Sun images taken with the Extreme UltraViolet Imager (EUVI) on STEREO. The photospheric flows during the eruption build-up phase are investigated by tracking granules in high resolution MDI continuum images. Results: Eruptions with characteristics of small coronal mass ejections (CMEs) occur at the junctions of supergranular cells. The eruptions produce brightening at the onset site, dark cloud or small filament ejections, and faint waves moving with plane-of-sky speeds up to 150 km/s. In the two examples studied, they appear to be activated by converging and rotating supergranular flows, twisting small concentrations of opposite polarity magnetic field. An estimate of the occurrence rate is about 1400 events per day over the whole Sun. One third of these events seem to be associated with waves. Typically, the waves last for about 30 min and travel a distance of 100 arcsec, so at any one time they cover 1/30th of the lower corona.