Opinion Dynamics of Learning Agents: Does Seeking Consensus Lead to Disagreement?

TL;DR

This paper investigates how adaptive learning in agents voting on complex issues influences opinion formation, revealing that seeking consensus can paradoxically lead to faction formation or moderation depending on issue complexity and update timing.

Contribution

It introduces a model of opinion dynamics using Boolean Perceptrons and analyzes how adaptation and interaction rules affect societal consensus and faction emergence.

Findings

Factions with extreme beliefs emerge even when agents seek consensus.

Large issue sets lead to moderation and prevent faction formation.

Asynchronous updates can result in society fragmentation, while synchronous updates tend toward consensus.

Abstract

We study opinion dynamics in a population of interacting adaptive agents voting on a set of complex multidimensional issues. We consider agents which can classify issues into for or against. The agents arrive at the opinions about each issue in question using an adaptive algorithm. Adaptation comes from learning and the information for the learning process comes from interacting with other neighboring agents and trying to change the internal state in order to concur with their opinions. The change in the internal state is driven by the information contained in the issue and in the opinion of the other agent. We present results in a simple yet rich context where each agent uses a Boolean Perceptron to state its opinion. If there is no internal clock, so the update occurs with asynchronously exchanged information among pairs of agents, then the typical case, if the number of issues is kept small, is the evolution into a society thorn by the emergence of factions with extreme opposite beliefs. This occurs even when seeking consensus with agents with opposite opinions. The curious result is that it is learning from those that hold the same opinions that drives the emergence of factions. This results follows from the fact that factions are prevented by not learning at all from those agents that hold the same opinion. If the number of issues is large, the dynamics becomes trapped and the society does not evolve into factions and a distribution of moderate opinions is observed. We also study the less realistic, but technically simpler synchronous case showing that global consensus is a fixed point. However, the approach to this consensus is glassy in the limit of large societies if agents adapt even in the case of agreement.