Cometary masses derived from non-gravitational forces

TL;DR

This study estimates the masses and densities of ten periodic comets using non-gravitational forces and gas production data, revealing very low densities consistent with porous structures and highlighting the method's utility for statistical analysis.

Contribution

It applies a simplified non-gravitational force model to derive cometary masses and densities, providing a statistical perspective on their physical properties.

Findings

Densities range from 0.3 to 400 x 10^12 kg in mass.

Average density is approximately 0.4 g/cm^3.

Comet densities are lower than those of near-Earth asteroids.

Abstract

We compute masses and densities for ten periodic comets with known sizes: 1P/Halley, 2P/Encke, 6P/d'Arrest, 9P/Tempel 1, 10P/Tempel 2, 19P/Borrelly, 22P/Kopff, 46P/Wirtanen, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and 81P/Wild 2. The method follows the one developed by Rickman and colleagues (Rickman 1986, 1989; Rickman et al. 1987), which is based on the gas production curve and on the change in the orbital period due to the non-gravitational force. The gas production curve is inferred from the visual lightcurve. We found that the computed masses cover more than three orders of magnitude: ~(0.3 - 400)*10^12 kg. The computed densities are in all cases very low (<= 0.8 g cm^-3), with an average value of 0.4 g cm^-3, in agreement with previous results and models of the cometary nucleus depicting it as a very porous object. The computed comet densities turn out to be the lowest among the different populations of solar system minor bodies, in particular as compared to those of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). We conclude that the model applied in this work, in spite of its simplicity (as compared to more sophisticated thermophysical models applied to very few comets), is useful for a statistical approach to the mean density of the cometary nuclei. However, we cannot assess from this simple model if there is a real dispersion among the bulk densities of comets that could tell us about differences in physical structure (porosity) and/or chemical composition.