Pairing of Supermassive Black Holes in unequal-mass galaxy mergers

TL;DR

This study uses advanced simulations to explore how supermassive black holes pair during galaxy mergers, highlighting the importance of gas content and cosmic epoch in their coalescence, which impacts gravitational wave detection prospects.

Contribution

It demonstrates that SMBH pairing in minor mergers depends on baryonic mass retention, especially gas richness and high-redshift conditions, providing new insights into SMBH evolution.

Findings

SMBH pairing occurs in 1:10 mergers with high gas fractions.

Gas-rich mergers at high redshift facilitate SMBH pairing.

Results support gravitational wave detection efforts like LISA.

Abstract

We examine the pairing process of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) down to scales of 20-100 pc using a set of N-body/SPH simulations of binary mergers of disk galaxies with mass ratios of 1:4 and 1:10. Our numerical experiments are designed to represent merger events occurring at various cosmic epochs. The initial conditions of the encounters are consistent with the LambdaCDM paradigm of structure formation, and the simulations include the effects of radiative cooling, star formation, and supernovae feedback. We find that the pairing of SMBHs depends sensitively on the amount of baryonic mass preserved in the center of the companion galaxies during the last phases of the merger. In particular, due to the combination of gasdynamics and star formation, we find that a pair of SMBHs can form in 1:10 minor mergers provided that galaxies are relatively gas-rich (gas fractions of 30% of the disk mass) and that the mergers occur at relatively high redshift (z~3), when dynamical friction timescales are shorter. Since 1:10 mergers are most common events during the assembly of galaxies, and mergers are more frequent at high redshift when galaxies are also more gas-rich, our results have positive implications for future gravitational wave experiments such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.