Spectral and temporal variations of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4-3125: new XMM-Newton observations

TL;DR

This study analyzes 7.5 years of XMM-Newton observations of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4-3125, revealing spectral and temporal variations, including phase shifts between hard and soft X-ray photons, indicating complex evolution of its emission properties.

Contribution

It provides a systematic, consistent analysis of long-term spectral and timing data, confirming phase lag variations and their sign change over time in RX J0720.4-3125.

Findings

Phase lag between hard and soft photons varies over time.

Phase shift in X-ray pulses changes sign around MJD=52800.

Spectral and timing properties show complex evolution.

Abstract

In the past, the isolated, radio-quiet neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 showed variations in the spectral parameters (apparent radius, temperature of the emitting area and equivalent width of the absorption feature) seen in the X-ray spectra, not only during the spin period of 8.39s, but also over time scales of years. New X-ray observations of RX J0720.4-3125 with XMM Newton extend the coverage to about 7.5 years with the latest pointing performed in November 2007. Out of a total of fourteen available EPIC-pn datasets, eleven have been obtained with an identical instrumental setup (full frame read-out mode with thin filter), and are best suited for a comparative investigations of the spectral and timing properties of this enigmatic X-ray pulsar. We analysed the new XMM Newton observations together with archival data in order to follow the spectral and temporal evolution of RX J0720.4-3125 All XMM-Newton data were reduced with the standard XMM-SAS software package. A systematic and consistent data reduction of all these observations was emphasised in order to reduce systematic errors as far as possible. We investigate the phase residuals derived from data from different energy bands using different timing solutions for the spin period evolution and confirm the phase lag between hard and soft photons. The phase shift in the X-ray pulses between hard and soft photons varies with time and changes sign around MJD=52800 days, regardless of the chosen timing solution. The phase residuals[abridge]