TL;DR
This paper discusses the limitations of gravitational waves in influencing galaxy cluster velocities and presents evidence that observed dispersions exceed theoretical bounds, implying additional factors at play.
Contribution
It introduces a new constraint on gravitational wave effects in galaxy clusters and compares theoretical limits with observed velocity dispersions.
Findings
Observed velocity dispersions exceed theoretical limits
Gravitational waves alone cannot account for high velocity dispersions
Implication of other mechanisms influencing galaxy cluster dynamics
Abstract
Very long wavelength universal gravitational waves cannot now produce in clusters of galaxies velocity dispersions greater than that which these systems would possess if they were expanding with the Universe, if the Universe is not younger than yr and Hubble's constant is not less than 50 km/sec/ Mpc. A diagram shows that actual velocity dispersions are significantly greater than this limit.
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