CNO driven winds of hot first stars

TL;DR

This study investigates the possibility and properties of CNO-driven stellar winds in first-generation hot stars, revealing that such winds occur only in more luminous stars and are weaker than those driven by heavier elements.

Contribution

The paper introduces models for CNO-driven winds in first stars, showing their existence in certain luminous stars and analyzing their characteristics and impact.

Findings

CNO-driven winds exist in more luminous first stars

Hot, very luminous stars do not have CNO winds due to ionization

Mass-loss rates from CNO winds are lower than those with solar composition

Abstract

During the evolution of first stars, the CNO elements may emerge on their surfaces due to the mixing processes. Consequently, these stars may have winds driven purely by CNO elements. We study the properties of such stellar winds and discuss their influence on the surrounding environment. For this purpose, we used our own NLTE models and tested which stellar parameters of the first stars at different evolutionary stages result in CNO winds. If such winds are possible, we calculate their hydrodynamic structure and predict their parameters. We show that, while the studied stars do not have any wind driven purely by hydrogen and helium, CNO driven winds exist in more luminous stars. On the other hand, for very hot stars, CNO elements are too ionized to drive a wind. In most cases the derived mass-loss rate is much less than calculated with solar mixture of elements. This is because wind mass-loss rate in present hot stars is dominated by elements heavier than CNO. We conclude that, until a sufficient amount of these elements is created, the influence of line-driven winds is relatively small on the evolution of hot stars (which are not close to the Eddington limit).