Geometrically Derived Timescales for Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies

TL;DR

This study estimates that the timescale from atomic hydrogen to star formation in spiral arms is about 1-4 million years, using high-resolution observations and modeling of angular offsets in nearby disk galaxies.

Contribution

It introduces a method to measure star formation timescales in spiral arms based on HI and infrared emission offsets, providing new insights into the rapidity of star formation processes.

Findings

Star formation timescale is 1-4 Myr.

Corotation radii are around 2.7 times the scale length.

Non-circular motions have limited impact on estimates.

Abstract

We estimate a characteristic timescale for star formation in the spiral arms of disk galaxies, going from atomic hydrogen (HI) to dust-enshrouded massive stars. Drawing on high-resolution HI data from The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey and 24$\mu$m images from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey we measure the average angular offset between the HI and 24$\mu$m emissivity peaks as a function of radius, for a sample of 14 nearby disk galaxies. We model these offsets assuming an instantaneous kinematic pattern speed, $\Omega_p$, and a timescale, t(HI-->24$\mu$m), for the characteristic time span between the dense \hi phase and the formation of massive stars that heat the surrounding dust. Fitting for $\Omega_p$ and t(HI-->24$\mu$m), we find that the radial dependence of the observed angular offset (of the \hi and 24$\mu$m emission) is consistent with this simple prescription; the resulting corotation radii of the spiral patterns are typically $R_{cor}\simeq 2.7 R_{s}$, consistent with independent estimates. The resulting values of t(HI-->24$\mu$m) for the sample are in the range 1--4 Myr. We have explored the possible impact of non-circular gas motions on the estimate of t(HI-->24$\mu$m) and have found it to be substantially less than a factor of 2. This implies that a short timescale for the most intense phase of the ensuing star formation in spiral arms, and implies a considerable fraction of molecular clouds exist only for a few Myr before forming stars. However, our analysis does not preclude that some molecular clouds persist considerably longer. If much of the star formation in spiral arms occurs within this short interval t(HI-->24$\mu$m), then star formation must be inefficient, in order to avoid the short-term depletion of the gas reservoir.