A Simple Comptonization Model

TL;DR

The paper introduces 'simpl', an empirical Comptonization model for X-ray spectra that is simple, physics-based, and flexible, providing accurate fits and reliable black hole spin measurements.

Contribution

'simpl' is a new, minimalistic Comptonization model implemented in XSPEC that incorporates basic physics and improves spectral fitting over standard models.

Findings

'simpl' matches physical Comptonization models in simulations.

'simpl' provides equally good fits as power-law models but avoids divergence issues.

Using 'simpl' with disk models yields stable inner-disk radius estimates.

Abstract

We present an empirical model of Comptonization for fitting the spectra of X-ray binaries. This model, "simpl", has been developed as a package implemented in XSPEC. With only two free parameters, simpl is competitive as the simplest empirical model of Compton scattering. Unlike other empirical models, such as the standard power-law model, simpl incorporates the basic physics of Compton scattering of soft photons by energetic coronal electrons. Using a simulated spectrum, we demonstrate that simpl closely matches the behavior of physical Comptonization models which consider the effects of optical depth, coronal electron temperature, and geometry. We present fits to RXTE spectra of the black-hole transient H1743-322 and a BeppoSAX spectrum of LMC X-3 using both simpl and the standard power-law model. A comparison of the results shows that simpl gives equally good fits and a comparable spectral index, while eliminating the troublesome divergence of the standard power-law model at low energies. Importantly, simpl is completely flexible and can be used self-consistently with any seed spectrum of photons. We show that simpl - unlike the standard power law - teamed up with diskbb (the standard model of disk accretion) gives results for the inner-disk radius that are unaffected by strong Comptonization, a result of great importance for the determination of black hole spin via the continuum-fitting method.