What is vacuum?

TL;DR

This paper defines vacuum precisely as a state created from nothing, leading to a powerful relativistic quantum mechanics framework that derives fundamental interactions from first principles.

Contribution

It introduces a novel mathematical definition of vacuum based on creation operators, providing a new foundation for understanding particle interactions.

Findings

Derives properties of fundamental interactions from creation operator structure

Provides a new analytic approach to relativistic quantum mechanics

Explains aspects of the Standard Model from first principles

Abstract

Vacuum can be defined with exact mathematical precision as the state which remains when a fermion, with all its special characteristics, is created out of absolutely nothing. The definition leads to a special form of relativistic quantum mechanics, which only requires the construction of a creation operator. This form of quantum mechanics is especially powerful for analytic calculation, at the same time as explaining, from first principles, many aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, the characteristics of the weak, strong and electric interactions can be derived from the structure of the creation operator itself.