Origin of intermittent accretion-powered X-ray oscillations in neutron stars with millisecond spin periods

TL;DR

This paper presents a model explaining the intermittent appearance of accretion-powered X-ray oscillations in neutron stars with millisecond spins, attributing it to the movement of the emitting area near the spin axis.

Contribution

The nearly aligned moving spot model explains intermittent X-ray pulsations and their properties, accounting for observational variability and rarity.

Findings

Movement of the emitting area increases detectable oscillation amplitude.

Model explains why oscillations are sometimes absent or appear during X-ray bursts.

Intermittent oscillations are more common in more compact neutron stars.

Abstract

We have shown previously that many of the properties of persistent accretion-powered millisecond pulsars can be understood if their X-ray emitting areas are near their spin axes and move as the accretion rate and structure of the inner disk vary. Here we show that this "nearly aligned moving spot model" may also explain the intermittent accretion-powered pulsations that have been detected in three weakly magnetic accreting neutron stars. We show that movement of the emitting area from very close to the spin axis to about 10 degrees away can increase the fractional rms amplitude from less than about 0.5 percent, which is usually undetectable with current instruments, to a few percent, which is easily detectable. The second harmonic of the spin frequency usually would not be detected, in agreement with observations. The model produces intermittently detectable oscillations for a range of emitting area sizes and beaming patterns, stellar masses and radii, and viewing directions. Intermittent oscillations are more likely in stars that are more compact. In addition to explaining the sudden appearance of accretion-powered millisecond oscillations in some neutron stars with millisecond spin periods, the model explains why accretion-powered millisecond oscillations are relatively rare and predicts that the persistent accretion-powered millisecond oscillations of other stars may become undetectable for brief intervals. It suggests why millisecond oscillations are frequently detected during the X-ray bursts of some neutron stars but not others and suggests mechanisms that could explain the occasional temporal association of intermittent accretion-powered oscillations with thermonuclear X-ray bursts.